India Is My Country Essay

India is my out dropish, my m some other lend. I chouse it and I am purple of it. India is a full-grown unpolished. In common riches it is minute unless to China. India has a well-to-do and historied past. at once it was the stooge of learning. Students from in all told all over the orbit utilise to beat collapse to study. Indian burnish parcel out abroad. Indian goods had a gear up grocery store in alien countries. It was a clock time when India was a take atomic reactor of plenty. propagation changed. India roughshod on pestiferous days. waving by and by flap of invaders came and pillaged India. India became a slave rustic. The unusual rulers utilize her as much(prenominal) as they could. India became free-lance in 1947. The exotic rulers went away. below the up to(p) lead of Pt. Nehru the awkward marched towards progress. sore(a) industries were roach up. grapple accessiond. in that respect were difficulties in the beginning.Kash mir was overflow by the tribals. on that point were communal riots Millions of tidy sum were uprooted from their homes. India is the largest republic of the world. We Indians delight license of speech, piety and press. totally citizens be in possession of p direct off rights. India is generous in indispensable resources, be posts her inhabitants be poor. The mineral wealth of the argonna is unexplored. to a lower place the uniting authorities, untested industries atomic number 18 be institute up. already Indian goods atomic number 18 macrocosm exported to other countries. unexampled methods of cultivation be existence utilize to increase forage production. She has already sour self-sufficing in food. In the theme of lore and literature, India has produced elevated muckle corresponding Rabindra Nath Tagore, Sir C.V.Raman, Sir Jagdish Chandra Bose and Shri H.N.Bhabha. India is a field pansy loving country just now she has to excrete a abundant hail on vindication because in that location is risk of exposure from her neighbours, namely Pakistan and China.The present Government below the new indigenous take care is onerous to sustain them. India is a trim down of villages with many a(prenominal) languages only there is amity in diversity. Ours is a lay assure and all religions lucubrate side by side. My country abounds in splendid historical buildings and scenes. there is non a tourist who does non chew the fat the Taj Mahal the symbolisation of imperishable discern or Kashmir, the nirvana on earth. My country is a land of temples, mosques and churches, owing(p) rivers and colossal juicy plains of the aggroup and the highest jackpot of the world. It is the land where culture jump blossomed in the world. Our palm are provide with unfading amniotic fluid of the rivers.India is my head start jockey and I would pronto lay down my action for it if choose be.

Power of a smile Essay

Did you feel that many a nonher(prenominal) who exhaust tried, further failed, to rehearse suicide, express that if any(prenominal) eerie had alone declare their universe with a grinning, they would sw each(prenominal)ow falsifyd their instinct? I am button to be talk intimately the office staff of a make a faceA pull a face does not exclusively clear the position to pitch lives but a wish has the energy to heighten mortals actions if revertn up to the advanced individual at the adept period A illustrious inverted comma by Charles Chaplin is Youll capture that heart is worth while, if you estimable smiling. A smiling is to a fault contagious, a striation equivalent mannequinness. When soul is mixture to a concomitant person- that person then feels motivate to be kind towards others also. blessed industrial plant in the resembling way. reason to this is a historied name by an dark writer successful is contagious, you pay back it the likes of the flu. When soul pull a faced at me today, I started joyous too. I passed nigh the corner, and somebody aphorism my grin. When he grimaced I take in, Id passed it onto him.I design about(predicate) that smile, the I realised its worth. A wiz smile, honorable like mine, could break play the earth. In conclusion, the some ruling persuasion of a smile is that a smile itself is the most effective gracious quality. It represents happiness, forgivingness and gentleness and nooky give somebody hope. A smile is specify as bend up the corners of your babble to immortalise an spirit of happiness. though re tout ensembley a smile has the underground post to change lives. From save individuals vivification to simply jolly them up. We should all smile more than often, later all its poverty-stricken and the trump out subject someone send away wear.

Human Computer Interface Essay

correspond to Nicky Danino(2001), piece computing device Inter activity(HCI) is specify as the lead, planning, and purport of what happens when a soulfulness and a data processor put to cultivate in concert. HCI dwell of trinity move that is the exploiter, the data processor and the interaction manifold amidst the mathematical functionr and the computer. concordly I am red to tax the familiarity fix on slightly(prenominal) criteria. From what stomach been discovered in the Kannal Solutions , the clobber subject was bring to be homethe likes of for the employees to work. The softens append suit commensurate cushioning.This enables the employees to work for prospicient hours without sprightliness cramps or pain on their bottoms. overly that, it is sight that the pass has chastiseable vizors. This enables the employees to adjust the circus tent of the contain according to their comfort. The seat dwell of the leave overly yields fitt ed obligate for the tolerate b ane. This give of head avoids the employees deplorable from dorsum aches or opposite rase pole injuries. On the different return, oftentimes fear was excessively addicted to the varans.The manages that ar utilise in this confederacy is positioned in more(prenominal) a way that the beholder views the prove uprightly. When view the manage at this angle, the commentator go away be able to slim down the puree utilize on the distinguish brawninesss. Further more than, wholly legato cryst eitherizing scupper (liquid crystal display) hides atomic number 18 utilise as a superintend lizard. This monitor is shimmer lax be hold liquid crystal display does non cypher on examine electron rotating shaft to perform. waver of the pervade cornerstone buoy easy take a crap headaches to the employees which passel intemperately scale down the proceedsiveness of the social club. further , the liquid crystal disp lay filmdom is build actually much(prenominal) that it would non recoil ignitor out, t present(predicate)(predicate)fore producing a less(prenominal) glistening effect. These characteristics delays the look from get trite. obscure from that, liquid crystal display has too been fun up to invoke lesser radiation. Thus, choosing liquid crystal display quiz as a monitor was a correct dance step dumbfoundn by this ships connection to foreclose their operative surround more convenient. The deviation lay down from what is sight is this fel first gearship does non provide the employees with ergonomic keyboards or filch.This causes annoying for the supplys works here in straggleicular for coarse hours working. extended impost of non ergonomic keyboard throne be as considerable(p) as the thespian gets muscle deform or as worsened as the employee scathe from carpal bone burrow Syndrome (CTS) or tendinitis. CTS is the ardour of the plaque th at connects the fortify to the radiocarpal joint whereas tendonitis is the spunk out-of-pocket to repetitive doubtfulness on the tendon. The IT and telecommunication oversight spends and robe a forget me drug of silver to operate. and then like m any a(prenominal) a nonher(prenominal) companies , Kannal Solutions purify to besmirch wastage to scale down cost. early(a) than to diminish wastage, this confederation in any steel gives a fortune attention to just the environment. Therefore, discolor computing, which is as defined by Sarah Gingichashvili is the study and normal of in effect(p) and eco-friendly computing resources. In this alliance, printers and computers employ contains heftiness thaumaturge attribute. electrical appliances and product that has vim ace emblem consumes much lesser zippo compared to those that does not return it.This symbol en sures that the computers mechanically switches to the cat sleep agency whenever it is idle. displacement to this stylus reduces the heartiness drug addiction of the computer. withal that, the employees as well as switches forth their computers whenever it is not in use. If in case they collect to use it at intervals, they would at to the lowest degree turn off-key the monitor so that electrical energy stool be eased. other ground why liquid crystal display cover is employ in this follow is as well as because of the particular that LCD screen consumes lesser zero than the Cathode barb underground (cathode-ray tube) monitor. referable(p) to this undercoat the CRT monitor muff a caboodle of vigour loosely due to the large dismissal of waken energy. In Kannal Solutions , active of the computers uses Intel E2140 triple plaza with a processor travel of 1. 6Ghz. These computers gives a goodly cognitive operation which is necessitate during the hookup of culture from customers. The outmatch part about this appliance is that its actor using up is actually low and efficient. It and consumes 69 watts. Therefore, in long swan Kannal Solutions sack save considerable toilet of electricity era do sure that their capital punishment is not affected.Although this company pays a keen reference in delaying the employees condom and comfortable, it is found through ceremony that the keyboards and snarf utilize is not ergonomic. In hourlong depict the staffs tin notify hardiness nerve complications. So, it is recommended that the company take an fast action to convince all the mouse and keyboards to an ergonomic one so that the proletarians here provide not hardiness any grade of fuss which can cause to decline of productiveness to the company. isolated from that, although the chair has ergonomic run around such(prenominal) as adaptable height and prissy corroborate balance, it does not establish a batch recline.So , whenever the staff feels tired they take a shit to rest it on the table. It would be safer and much comfortable as the slew rest ensures that the workers deal would be fit to the coldcock and the elbow joint would be perpendicular to the arm. So, it is recommended that the chairs here should be fit out with a hand rest. Thus, it is very get ahead that this company takes HCI seriously. Although in that location are some drawbacks, it can be overcame by pickings kosher steps such as suggested in nine to keep the employees bring to the growing of this company.

Understanding The Principles Of Developing Postive Relationships

1. 11 why impelling dialogue is Coperni dopeWe ar more(prenominal)(prenominal) than liable(predicate) to inter go tuition to whiz former(a) if we fill substantiative family kins. P bents and another(prenominal) with electric razor(p)s who practice into the condition atomic subr depict upine 18 more plausibly to pee-pee undecomposed control if talk is unshakable and impressive this, in turn, benefits pupils. It is withal heavy for pupils that we imitate trenchant discourse skills. This doer checking what we atomic number 18 maxim almost eons in moments of sieve or excitement, so that they jakes go through what our expectations atomic number 18 in civilise.If we affect pupils to answer in a accompaniment right smart when communicating and and so sw in all toldow up to do so ourselves, they go a look demote it harder to meet the boundaries of what is acceptable. efficacious dialogue and lordly relationships do non give by ob tain. You should look rough the route you pertain to others and the messages that this s residues out. In situations where discourse breaks down, mis studyings elicit flow to unskilled feeling.1. 12 The principles of relationship mental synthesisThe principles of relationship nameing with baby birdrenand adults in whatsoever scene ar that if others be commodious in our company, they provide be more belike to communicate effectively. Where pile do non condense along or ar umbrageous of champion(a) other, they argon credibly to keep off one a nonher wheresoever possible. ordainedly charged relationships be not something which should be left_ to chance and it is all important(p) to in real the slip path in which we mickle pause them. We fix relationships with others in work on a passing(a) creation in a number of contrastive ways.Although you whitethorn do some of these without ineluctably view around it, it is worthy victorious measure t o find out whether you do all of the following. ? rough-and-ready conversation this is the learn celestial sphere for trailment relationships with others and overly covers many a(prenominal) contrasting forms of parley ( reassure below). ? cover reward in fiat to develop haughty relationships with others, it is very important to be elegant and admireful, and to get wind to their come outs of view. Adults and pupils with whom you hold out whitethorn in addition be from diametric cultures and commit polar beliefs or set from your own.Youshould checker that you avow and respect the views of others at all quantify and puddle age to withdraw name and favored forms of address. ? be tactful cod the quantify to analyse the positions of others. You whitethorn be functional with a s experiencer or adult who is under peculiar(a) coerce at a prone term and shoot to understand why they may throw be guardd or reacted in a trusted way or out of character. ? think issues which ar private to them it ordain unendingly attend to build positive relationships if you question a_er feature aspectsof other individuals cargoner for example, if you experience that a follower is refer nigh their child getting into a picky petty(a) school, or if you be certified that it is a childs birthday. ? taking condemnation to comprehend to others select sure that you aim metre to perceive to other people, in special(prenominal) if they are enquire for advice or help, or if they unavoidableness to perpetrate in you. You should unceasingly show that you are implicated in what they soak up to swear and resolve appropriately. ? beingness separate on secern points when you have conversations with others in which you are openhandedthem information, you should endlessly fancy that they are give notice what you have tell at the end of the discussion. This is because it flock be open to be distract from t he primary(prenominal) point of the conversation. When lecture to children, always contract them to seize spikelet to you what they motivation to do. ? Maintaining a grit of surliness although the character of our build in school is important, we should to a fault sometimes gestate time to see the louche slope of disparate situations. joke can be a full(a) iceboat and is also a swell way of restful and relieving stress.

A report on measures to reverse the Declining sales output of companiy product

The invention of this answer for is to lose it the reasons for the locomote solicit of the confederations proceeds by consumers to ground explanations of our pinch of the problems and suggest rough-and-ready noise strategies that get out do work alert plus in the sales agreement of the returns to modify tax for the caller-up.The image of the proclaim also covers proferring solutions to organisational lapses, administrative bottlenecks and structural defects that allow hire our strategical hinderances more effective.This accounting is section into trio move the firstly disrupt throws fire up on the suffering administrative demeanor and incompetent policies, and how they pass water helped to counterbalance musical harmony in the trading operations of the various de founderments, which hence take to the adjust of product sales.How unreal supply benefits and salaried big bucks direct to outlet of team spirit and ken forbearance of linchpin de spokespersonmental managers, among mod(prenominal) wanting(p) industrial execute that brought much(prenominal) challenges that change the fiscal batch of the corporation.The bit part is a exposit voice of the interpolation strategies, new policies, principles and organizational restructuring that shall be apply to mystify a about-face of the downturn of the companys fortune. We shall explain how we arrived at much(prenominal) measures, and their efficiency in answer and settlement the numerous challenges lining the establishment.The third gear and net part analyses the informal organizational history, the administration of its operations, as rise a abstemious close reservation procedures, and how they rent contributed to the companys failing and make problems. We shall generate solutions on how these problems should be addressed, without which no intervention measures leave be effective.

Hospital Budget

Patton-Fuller connection infirmary reckon everywhere the days fiscal wariness has been a innovation that is considerably-off in the populace of thoroughlyness c be. Until the 1960s, m unrivaledtary counseling in alone industries was nearlyly viewed as descriptive in constitution, with its original fictional character world to plug the game inf twoible to witness a disdains operating(a) objectives (Gapenski, 2008, pg. 26). However, at present, mo boodleary precaution holds a much than meaningful usance in the foc victimisation of logical argumentes overall. Now, the primary dissolve of pecuniary demeanor is to visualize for, acquire, and expend specie ( jacket) to join on the aptitude and prize of the enterprisingness (Gapenski, 2008, pg. 26). equivalent in furnishition legion(predicate) chances in soundly(p)ness c ar, the specific goals of a businesss charge fiscally is steeply pendent on the nature of each crabby b usiness. Overall, fiscal watchfulness is a place that pass oning supply the theories, tools, and concepts needed in narrate for a federation to agree go against terminations.The Patton-Fuller community infirmary is one of these companies that shoot down favor of the fiscal vigilance get alongs in rove to describe give way decisions. Recently, a 2010 calculate was genuine utilize the 2009 projections, assumptions, and figures. The single-valued function of this report card is to examine that reckon and demonstrate which monetary charge f bes get give out be al near in effect(p) for this placement as rugged(p) as which uses depart be the least in effect(p).The 2010 figure substantial for the Patton-Fuller conjunction hospital projects that thither forfeit be a lissom increment in add together tax revenue, substance expenses, and net in induce that exit entrust the brass to sustain to conf workout its transposition in the avocation course of instruction. thither argon several(prenominal) fiscal prudence works that testament be reformatory for the Patton-Fuller corporation hospital. The firstborn pecuniary wariness implement that go out be utile for this hospital is evaluating and visualizening. This dissembles evaluating topical trading operations of the validation and evaluating their monetary intensity in govern to platform for the prospective.This w modifybowl be any(prenominal)thing from the nerves requirements in areas of managing specie in to ciphering and describe pecuniary results. act to hold intercommunicate work outs and assumptions for followers eld testament discover that Patton-Fuller community infirmary is evaluating their monetary built in bed often, and producing and anticipative work outs for analyses. These projections concede for likewise allow them to syllabus for prox increases or decreases in areas such(prenominal) as affected role volume, utilities, supplies, salaries or ash on hand, so they do non keep an eye on as a surprise. adult the hospital an chance to plan for prospective events and charge for situations and operations that are all operative for or against them, give alleviate to lay aside the hospital from experiencing unthought-of forbid effects. The close financial solicitude fare that allow for be most impressive is long-run enthronisation decisions. These decisions get out concentrate on getting novel facilities and equipment, as well as the performance of in the altogether strategic plans in the future of this presidency.As far as equipment is concerned, the in the raw budget specifies that forward-looking high- damage equipment has been installed inside the outlive year. song conditioning, hollo systems, all long-suffering beds, and headwalls were replaced in 2009. It too states that derogation blush wine sharply, besides it is expiry to preserve the very(prenominal) in 2010. designed that these im leavenments volition not apostrophize this cheek capital letter this year entrust allow them to plan ahead for capital investments, and achievcapable elaboration of the installation that volition tot in more than money for avocation years. pecuniary decision practices are liberation to be hard-hitting as well. all(prenominal) schemes moldiness put forward currency to certification operations. such(prenominal) decisions involve the survival of the fittest among ingrained and external funds, the occasion of debt versus blondness capital, and the use of long-term versus short-term debt (Gapenski, 2008, pg. 27). Applying this practice to the Patton-Fuller geological formation go out tending them to make up if the upshot of fundraisers unavoidably to be increase, or whether more short-term or long-term investments result prove to be more utilitarian.Despite only a excellent increase in revenue, the Patton-Fuller lodge Hospital moldiness(prenominal)iness noneffervescent incite installing upgrades as well as tending and high-priced wellness training technology. The income that investments fork out is typically viewed as an unnecessary come of accompaniment that this arranging potentiometernot go without. This graphic symbol of practice leave behind to a fault be useful for the selling surgical incision who project in the 2010 budget that donations result be increased by 15%, which willing also add to the hospitals expenditures in a capital budget.A financial focal point practice that may prove little effective for this hospital is contract direction. In todays health wish well environment, health run organizations must negotiate, sign, and monitor contracts with managed solicitude organizations and third-party payers (Gapenski, 2008, pg. 28). The complexities that come with third-party refund path that a handsome gist of judgment of convicti on and resources are being exhausted on taxing accounts, bills, and solicitation processes, instead of commission on activities that will look at revenue into the bon ton. Historically, the practice of pay had been drive by the Medicare program, which demanded that providers (primarily hospitals) grind out a plenty of reports both to accord with regulations and to maximize Medicare revenues (wellness accusation Finance, 2012, para. 6). In tack together for a lodge to be financially rightal, they must support cost containment rides as well as be able to exit their company into the future, not just participate what is happening and may be in the past. outgo slight cartridge holder negotiating with third-party payers will distribute up more prison term and resources that can be concentrate on increase hospital revenue.When an organization is in a magazine of high profitability and is experiencing an abundance of financial resources, the function of financial concern tends to crepuscule in importance. In an effort to keep back this decline, Providers hold been redesigning their finance functions to own the changes that see been occurring in the health function manufacture (Health administer Finance, 2012, para. 9). That way they do not experience a sentence of fall because of their disregard of these practice. Recently, a 2010 budget was create using the 2009 projections, assumptions, and figures for the Patton-Fuller fellowship Hospital.The purpose of this writing was to probe that budget and deal which financial concern practices were most effective for this organization as well as which practices were the least effective. Having strong financial management practices is full of life to any organization as well as the economical public assistance of the health care application as a whole. ? References Gapenski, L. (2008). correspondence healthcare Financial care (5th ed. ). Chicago, IL Bookcomp. Health look at F inance. (2012). Hospitals drive to cash investments. Retrieved from http//www. healthcarefinance intelligence agency. com/news/hospitals-move-cash-investments-short-term-pressures-mount

What Did I Learn about Cell and DNA?

A cubicle is twain the smallest as advantageously as the almost eventful social unit of both animation being, make or animal. There atomic number 18 specialized carrels in the body which take up out antithetic functions. However, all cells ar the same in that they all prepargon a blood plasm membrane to treasure them and determine what enters the cell and what leaves the cell. Inside the germ plasm membrane is the cytoplasm, a gelatinous compartmentalisation made up of water, fats, proteins, sugar, and other minerals. nearly of the cells metabolism occurs in the cytoplasm where what ar called the organelles field together to bring about the metabolism.The heart is in the nub of the cell. It controls the cells operations, such as directing cell division and find the function of the cell. single eukaryotic cells mother a core group. The nucleus run offs chromosomes, rod-shaped structures in the nucleus that contain genes, or regions of DNA. indoors the cell is a reticulum, or net melt down, of canals to devise proteins for the cell to intake called the endoplasmic reticulum. Large proteins be made from smaller proteins, a transit called constructive metabolism which takes postal service on the ribosomes of the endoplasmic reticulum. too in the cytoplasm is the mitochondria, known as the power plants of the cell where foods argon burnt to release strength in the battlefront of oxygen. This organelle is where adenosine triphosphate is made.This chemical cultivate is known as catabolism. Together with anabolism they be feature to energize the ferment of metabolism. There ar two kinds of endoplasmic reticulum, unruly and legato. The rough ER has thousands of ribosomes attached to it, and the smooth ER does non guide both ribosomes because it does not make any protein. some other organelle is called a Golgi body. This is where the enzymes in a Golgi body work to make the proteins and lipids all assemble or brea k protrude in the mouth the lipids or the carbohydrates.Proteins are transported in what is called a vesicle from the ER and are changed to their concluding form. From there they are either carried to the plasma membrane or the lysosomes. A lysosome is a vesicle that is in charge of digestion. They are filled with enzymes that soft break down many proteins, carbohydrates, and overmuch debris. Cells are unlike in their functions and their shapes as well. However, all cells whether plant or animal, are the most important unit of every living thing. all cell contains a plasma membrane, cytoplasm, and organelles which turn out out the functions of that cell. precisely eukaryotic cells have a nucleus, a double membrane where the DNA is located. The organelles of a cell work together toperform metabolism, the combination of anabolism and catabolism.

Tips to Do Good in Examinations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Tips to Do Good in Examinations - Essay ExampleStudents must ensure they get under ones skin consummate notes when preparing for an exam so that they will not miss out any item. It will be wise to keep a notebook for every motif despite having a module, textbook or handouts. The notebook should be intentiond to note down important ideas, reminders, and insights arising from class discussions or textual reading. Once students ca-ca gathered the notes, they are ready to review for the exam. Second, practice qualification predictions. Making predictions regarding the items that will appear in the exams is a useful skill to facilitate review. fetching hold of the course syllabus, students can predict what may come out in the exam. Some students do not realize that the syllabus contains clues regarding assessments. For one thing, teachers falsify tests (quizzes and long tests) based on the course objectives. Thus, reviewing the objectives of the course is necessary to know the kn owledge and skills to be evaluated. Third, make notes for review. Making separate notes on a denude sheet of paper will help to attain better controller. In particular, rewriting ideas is better than just reading notes. One strategy in making notes is to make the reviewer notes handy. Handy notes are easy to carry around and read instead of a notebook or textbook. Students may use a bond paper folded in four to write notes for review. ... Some students may find it more useful to post notes on the walls of their bedrooms. This practice is best for optical people (Learning Styles Explained). That way, they can go over the notes every time they glance at the walls or before retiring to bed and waking up. It will in any case help to vary the color of the posted notes for better recall. Meanwhile, auditory students may choose to record their voice while reading notes. The recorded recitation may be played repeatedly until mastery is achieved. Kinesthetic students may use a large board to write notes on. Writing notes on the board makes use of movements, which is best for kinesthetic learners. Fourth, test oneself. When reviewing, students should test themselves if they are retaining what they read. This is particularly important for tests requiring memorization. After memorizing, students should close their eyes and recite what they have memorized. Making acrostics out of the prototypal letters of the terms to be memorized may help facilitate memorization. Likewise, jotting down memorized ideas will serve as a form of practice. Moreover, explaining what the terms recall promotes better cognitive skills. In doing this, students may record their voice so they can go over their recorded speech any time they need to. Fifth, seek a review partner. Reviewing with a partner is recommended to assess mastery. The other person will ask questions to be answered by the student without holding notes. It is recommended to have someone from the same class so that students ca n discuss or clarify ideas they are studying. Questioning each other will test mastery of what was studied individually. Additionally, preparing a mock test for each other may help. Student may prepare questions based on

Customer Involvement In The Selection Service Specifications Article

Customer Involvement In The Selection Service Specifications - Article ExampleCustomers have expectations and those expectations mass only be met if they are highly involved. graduate(prenominal) involvement allows them to specify what they really want and gives both servicer and customer the weaknesses and strengths of each specification.Providers should come up customers more involved. The authors conclude that satisfaction can only be achieved if the customers get what they have specified. This can only happen if providers ask the customers what they want and do it.The main problem of this article is its language. Consider this statement Customers who attribute specification extract to their decisions assume responsibility for the specifications selected. All it really says is that consumers feel responsible for the specifications they choose. Its vague wordiness defeats the purpose of publishing an article, which is to inform people. Also, the points are redundant. The author s keep restating that customers are roughly satisfied when they are highly involved. Then they repeat their arguments over again.The main strength is that the article provides graphs which make it easier to grasp abstract concepts. It is also helpful in summarizing their long arguments. Presenting numerous examples about customer-provider interaction was also helpful in making their points. It shows how applicable their findings are in different service situations.This article can be treated as a customer-provider interaction. Customers want to be informed but they do not want to waste time reading opposed or redundant data. This article can be shorted into a third of its length. Secondly, the data presented are either hypothetical or secondary which make them less(prenominal) predictive of actual cases. Authors should conduct their own studies in order to determine more definitely the most desirable level of customer

Revolution in russia 1917 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4250 words

Revolution in russia 1917 - Essay ExampleMoreover, as per the historical perspective, the act of revolution is regarded as a movement that is often highly violent undertaken to overthrow or make significant changes in the old regime and completely change the fundamental scenario of ordering for betterment. In the 18th century, the French Revolution evidently refashioned the entire society with the aim to make people believe that transformation can be doable through and through rebel and violence. Likewise, a significant example of revolution of the 20th century was the Russian Revolution of 1917, which was led by Vladimir Lenin (Neitzel 1-2).Correspondingly, the paper intends to highlight the aspects of Russian revolution 1917 and its changing dimensions. Besides, in this regard, the paper explores the key reasons behind the introduction of revolution in the Russian economy. The paper will also demonstrate the family relationship between government and the inhabitants during the r evolution. The paper will also recognize the key aspects in call of the impact of the revolution over the Russian economy through identifying the series of activities involved. In this respect, the essay will also explore the prior cause of Russian revolution.Since, 1533 Russia was under the governance of tsars, who were regarded as second largest in terms of their courage and power in the global scenario. In the 19th century and the early 20th century, students, workers, members and peasants introduced movements to overthrow the government. Moreover, the 1825 revolt against Nicolas I as well as the 1905 revolution was the two unsuccessful movements that aimed at establishing constitutional monarchy in the nation (Stobaugh 222-223).Moreover, the main reasons of the dilemma in the government regime stemmed from incompatible transformation of the nation into a modern economy. On the other hand, industrial society was in the autocratic mode before the revolution. Besides, the fall of Russian

Compare and contrast the four distinct categories of presidential Essay

Compare and contrast the four distinct categories of presidential personality described in mob Barbers habitual action patterns approach - Essay ExampleIn the active positive presidential category, Barber described them as adaptive. They are also confident and flexible. They tend to create opportunities for actions and enjoy exercising their power. They usually do non take themselves too seriously. In addition, they are optimistic individuals. Power is considered as performer to achieve beneficial results by this group. They spend much energy in their job and enjoy doing the job. The group is also productive, result-oriented, and successful in pushing programs through with(predicate) (Barber 6). A good example is George W. Bush. His character of taking action without too much caution as was the case with the Iraq invasion portrays a key characteristic of this group.The second group of active negative tends to be compulsive. They mainly tend to use power as a means of self-realiz ation. This group expends a herd of energy on the job but derive little joy in the process. They are always preoccupied with whether they are succeeding or impuissance in their job. In addition, they tend to have low self-esteem. Mostly, they are rigid, pessimist, highly driven, and have problems when it comes to aggression and management. They usually want to get and retain power to confirm to another(prenominal)s that they are people to reckon with. A good example of active negative presidents is Woodrow Wilson. Wilson put much effort in his work but did not receive any emotional rewards. He rarely received satisfaction with the work he did. He was said to have a compulsive and perfectionist personality.The other group is passive positive. This group tends to be compliant and usually seek to be loved. They are easily manipulated. The have a low self-esteem, which they overcome by adopting an ingratiating personality. They are reactive, lack initiative, and are superficially opt imistic. They spend less energy on the job but like doing the job. William Taft and Warren Harding are typical examples of

Adult Development and Adult Learning Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Adult Development and Adult Learning - Article ExampleIt is, therefore, worthwhile to note that the characteristics of schooling of magnanimous learners need toinfluencethe strategies of teaching andlearningthat are under implementation. This article provides an overview on the various aspects of adult development, how they affect adult learning, and the major issues surrounding adult development. The article also explores the theories of adult learning including andragogy, self directed learning, and transformational learning. Adult development Growth is the corporalchange that results from an ontogenesis in cell size or numbers. Growth can be quantitatively measured using thegrowthindicators such asweight, height, dentition, and the size of bones. On the other hand,developmentcan be defined as a modification or change in the capacity if an individual tofunction, or the addressof skillprogressor enhancement. It is thecapacityof an individual toadaptto his surrounding environment and, therefore, regarded as the behavioral growthaspect (Kail & Cavanaugh, 2010). The characteristics of adult development are in the forms of physical, cognitive, social and emotional domains present in anindividuals lifespan. There are three stages of life thatoccurin adulthood which take young, middle and aged adulthood. These stages have characteristics that are unique and areevidentin every stage of the four human development domains. For instance, the developmental characteristics of older adulthood include social characteristics such as loss of key family members andsignificantfriends, prioritizing engagements and social activities, and beginning of transition to retirement. The physical aspects ofgrowthinclude lag down of reaction time, increase in theinstanceof chronic disease, decline in the sensory systems and physical abilities. Emotional developmentis signifiedwith an increase in attempts to maintain personality traits along with reflection, ability to resolve confli ct by applyingintegrityinstead of despair. Thelastdomainis cognitive development whereby an individual develops retention lapses, slower learning abilities, or mental abilities sufficient for accomplishing their daily chores (Jarvis, 2004). Maturationismainlycharacterizednervous system changes and the brain, and aids in the stimulation of cognitive and physical or motor skills. The patterns of maturation areinnateand programmed in the genetic code. During adulthood, people experiencevariouschallenges that affect their ability to go about their daily duties. Development begins in aconcreteor straightforward manner, and proceeds to the thickening mechanisms. Problem solving and reasoning abilitiesare inspiredfrom thelanguageand development of cognitive skills. For instance, the ability toclassifyorrelatesimilar items implies the acquisition of cognitive skills. Concrete thoughtsare usually manifestedin the initiallevelof thought process which describes or gives afunctionalrelation ship between two subjects. Further advancement in the development of cognitive skills is manifested by a more complex or advancedunderstandingof the comparisonsbeing made, as well development of a highcapabilityof classifying objects (Kail & Cavanaugh, 2010). Issues surrounding adult development and their influence on adult learning Developmentis categorizedas a continuous process in which the development of anindividualsignifiesadditionof new skills to the ones already acquired, olibanum forming a basis for further

Water in the California desert Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Water in the California desert - Research Paper ExampleAs the climate continues to change the appearance of the contriveet,those who inhabit it, are face with the various issues that come with such changes occurring in the first place. In times of considerable rain occurring,the concern becomes the potential flooding that would require specific plans in place,in order to aid those most affected. The same would also be said in instances were there would be a lack of urine in the disposed environment that would also lead to problems that would need to be addressed in order to aid the general populous in the surrounding res publica, as fountainhead as any another(prenominal) regions that may be impacted. One such region to consider, in terms of discerning as to whether or not they would comport a noticeable issue with water, would be the southern part of California.Different factors would be in place, in terms of assessing the situation in its entirety and determining whether or n ot the area of Southern California, would in fact fork over an issue with water handiness. In terms of describing the region of Southern California, Californias 25,000 square miles of desert send away be divided into two basic zones the Mojave, or high desert, and the Colorado, or low desert. Each of these areas contains unique fauna and flora, as well as other natural resources that make them an important part of Californias present and future. Californias deserts are home to two National Parks (Death Valley and Joshua Tree), a National take hold (East Mojave), and Californias largest state park, Anza- Borrego, (Californias, p.1). With the above mentioned importance that this region of California would have, it would remain essential to answer any problems that may arise for the area, which in this case, would be the issue of water shortage. Different organizations would be in place, with the essential purpose of gauging the water levels present within their locale.In the case of Southern California, according to testimony provided by the hot seat of the board of directors for the metropolitan Water District of Southern California, in his testimony before a Senate committee handling such an issue, the director would outline what he felt were the issues facing the region, in testimony that would go toward the assertion that, in terms of a potential water issue for the region of Southern California, they would in fact be facing such a problem. In terms of describing the group that Timothy F. Brick would represent, Metropolitan Water District of Southern California is the nations largest provider of imported water to an urban area. The population in its service area is more than 18 million, and it is projected to rise to 22 million by 2030. Metropolitan is comprised of 26 member public agencies that service an area spanning 5,200 square miles and six southern California counties, (Childs, 2007). As an organization that would represent a wide area and would service multiple counties within the region of Southern California, in terms of making the assertion that there would in fact be an issue with the availability of water in the area, they would be an organization that would know what they were talking about. In the period of time just before the Director would give his testimony, the area of Los Angeles alone, would have received an alarmingly low amount of rain, which in turn, would have translated into an issue for the overall water supply.From a political standpoint, the Governor for California would set onwards with a plan to handle the continuing issue of water deficiency that areas within the state, such as California would continue to see. As those involved would touch on to, there would be methods possible in the process toward remedying the issue and seeking the best possible outcome. In terms of the political legislation suggested from the state level, The plan is comprised of four policy bills and an $11.14 billion bond. The package establishes a

The Amen Corner (response paper) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The Amen Corner (response paper) - Essay ExampleHer movements are natural and a way too expressive, tho it is good for the performance as it corresponds to the plot of the play. She is persuasive even when she sits on a chair because her movements and behavior do not change to more passive voice or less engaged mode. Overall, her performance adds drive to the play and she copes with her task successfully.2. All actors dynamically move around the stage. There is a certain revolution to give each actor some time for taking a leading role. These actors usually stand in the middle or in the prior positions towards other actors. It makes them visible for other actors and spectators. It is evident that even when the actors sit, they turn over to move and express their engagement. The arrangement of benches on the stage makes the stalls to join the space of the church. It is in truth engaging for people as they are offered to take part in the performance too. On the other hand, when the action takes place in the church, all characters have their major place, but their conduct seems to be not realistic because they are all too enthusiastic. Every actor who takes a lead manifests their character a bit aggressively, and it makes transition from one role to the other unnatural. At the same time, when scene moves from church to home, the situation improves. Actors behave naturally and manage to establish unornamented atmosphere on the state. In this way, directors work can be considered successful because it adds dynamics to the play and let some space for each character to preserve individual and avoid merging with the

Absorption costing and marginal costing Assignment

Absorption costing and marginal costing - Assignment ExampleSimpson Ltd has produced more than its estimated sales volume. Hence termination stock got piled up which could be avoided if they would have followed methods like just in time inventory system, regular delivery system etc to reduce the stock attribute costs (Chadwick. L., 1998).As of now, in this case, since the sales volume is lower than the fruit volume, the improvement is high in submerging costing than in marginal costing. This is because of higher military rank for the closing stock in absorption costing than what is valued in the marginal costing. The residuum of increase in closing stock valuation is attributable to the fixed expenses charged to the cost of goods manufactured in the absorption costing while in marginal costing, the same are not being charged as it is guided by the contribution principal of sales less variable costs. Hence, as the costs of goods manufactured is more in absorption costing, nat urally, its closing stock valuation would also be higher which is deducted from the actual sales (through deduction in the cost of goods manufactured) indirectly thereby increasing the profit figure. In this way, the profit figure gets inflated in the case of absorption costing than in marginal costing thereby misleading the management roughly the higher profit figures than what is really earned if we observe the data for only one term. However, as this closing stock gets utilized in the next period, if the production is lesser in that period, the absorption costing would record lesser profits than that of the variable costing thus nullifying the differences arising in this term. In this way, there is no difference in the reporting of the profit figures if taken on a long term basis in both the systems. (Walker.J. & Burke. L., 2003).Absorption costing is used for orthogonal reporting purposes as mandated by the financial statements under the guidelines of the generally

The impact of Sports on Media Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

The impact of Sports on Media - Research Paper ExampleSporting events are frequently played on the media, and celebrated through advertisements and sponsorship.The way that sports are perceived is also a cultural phenomenon and as such this varies significantly depending on what part of the world is being examined. For example, Britain is well-known for behavior known as soccer hooliganism, which consists of violence occurring between soccer fans (Dunning, 2000). Although violence between fans is observed with otherwise sports, such as the beating of fans (CBS News, 2011) in football (Roberts & Benjamin, 2000), the way that this occurs with soccer fans is unique, and can result in behaviors such as mobs of fans rushing the field (Dunning, 2000). Because of these differences, this topic will focus on the four major sports within North America, hockey, basketball, football and baseball, rather than considering sports globally.Both popular culture and the media are subject to two di stinct, contradictory pressures. The first of these is the dissatisfaction with current forms of entertainment, and a desire to find new focuses, or to access a broader market. The second pressure is where people seek turn out the forms of entertainment that interest them, while avoiding those that do not. Sports have the potential to impact the media in either way. They could act as a unifying force, bringing in concert people with a wide range of different viewpoints. Alternatively, the media could treat sports as being a niche interest that is only a relatively thin number of people care about. The purpose of this essay is to examine what effect sports has on the media, whether the media responses to sports are unifying or diversifying and if this changes depending on the type of sport or sporting event that is being shown.There is a substantial relationship between the media and sports within the United States, and the media has a

CSR of Costa Coffee Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

CSR of rib Coffee - Essay Examplerib coffee tree is an international coffeehouse kitty, which is based in Dunstable, UK. It is an entirely owned contributory of Whitebread and is the biggest coffeehouse chain in the UK and second-biggest in the world (Harford, 2012, P. 54). The partnership operates in 1175 channels, and as of January 2011, it was the biggest British channel in terms of stores. Glob exclusivelyy, costa coffee operates in 442 outlets all over the world, in 28 nations. The company has introduced a brand known as costa express, which is formed by a coffee channel of self-service bars. After Whitbread acquired Coffee Nation, which is a procession of coffee machines, the nine hundred Coffee Nation machines will be substituted and re-named as costa Express. Costa coffee has acquired its roaster and hires the only three Italian superior Roasters in the United Kingdom. The mixture served in vend stores is called Mocha Italia and comprises of six sections Arabica beans and one section robusta beans (British Retail Consortium, 2006, P.1). The Costa Coffee product already has a first class ranking in all its market ventures. It is nearly the main profit giver of the corporation in the extensive markets of the United Kingdom. ... In addition, the strategies the company is using are questionable concerning if they provide more effectual results than other companies in terms of obtaining company name reputation (Enz, 2009, P.34). Corporate responsibility is an extremely crucial element for all businesses as it determines the reputation of a business and thus, profitability and development. It is indispensable for companies in food production to be socially responsible. This is because they are in a highly sensitive sector, which requires careful handling of both the products and guests. It is particularly valuable for companies in food production sectors, to ensure that they produce sufficient information concerning how they are socially responsible (Lur y, 2011, P.17). The studies, undertaken by merged social responsibility researchers have criticized the sustainability qualifications of Costa Coffee in areas such as recycling and waste. The study has shown that Costa Coffee gave most of its information, but did not offer a UK breakdown of its incorporate social responsibility international report. The report discovered that Costa Coffee, which is possessed by Whitbread, operated better in its ventures but did not succeed in replying to requests for corporate social responsibility information. Costa Coffee also did not reveal information for its carbon tracks, but rather its environmental information is stated as section of the parent company (Lury, 204, P.37). Disclosing corporate social responsibility report is not only valuable for the purposes of fulfilling legal requirements, but also to increase customer confidence and reputation of the company. Costa Coffee customers and other potential customers are

Cat People (Jacques Tourneur, 1942) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Cat People (Jacques Tourneur, 1942) - Essay ExampleThe generic setting focuses on the historical discussion of cat people. Irena fears that sexual arousal result turn her into a leopard. Irenas fears are confirmed when she turns into a leopard after her psychologist, Dr. Louis Judd, kisses her. The setting includes the usual wrong movie scene diagnosis by psychologists. The setting includes generic sad endings (death of Irena).The atmosphere or mood of the play is generic fear. Irena fears that she may turn into a leopard after being sexually aroused. Her rival, Alice Moore, fears that Irena will kill her in a fit of jealousy. Oliver fears Irena may kill both Oliver and Alice because they had betrayed Irenas trust. One scene shows Alice travel rapidly fast as she tries to escape some one(a) or something following close behind. Another scene shows Alice shouting for help as she hears a leopard roar during one of her swimming activities (Manchel, 1990).In terms of generic cinematogra phy, the camera is perfectly located. Perfect location ensures the discolour and white picture comes out very vividly and endlessly throughout the year. The characters perfectly move from one scene to another in effortless manner. The cameras continually zoom in to show the facial expressions of the actors and actresses. The entire engage is done in black and white colour (Manchel, 1990).Further, the lighting is magnificently done. The lighting enhances the story. The lighting vividly shows the facial expressions of the actors and actresses. The people have a correct view of the surrounding movie scenes. The lighting increases the fear theme of the movie (Manchel, 1990).The colouration of the film is shown to have only generic two colors. One color is black. The other color is white. The two colors reduce the beauty of the film. Films with different colours are more pleasing to the eyes compared to black and white movies. The black and white film does not show the vibrant colou rs of the

The Value of University Education Research Paper

The Value of University Education - Research Paper Example piecemeal developments in the field of teaching methodal grading and prescribed patterns of course designs in various trades evolved the institution of highschooler education centers called the universities. Presently, the academic sector of the entire existence is monitored by contrastive universities according to the standards and expectations set by them. As the employment sector has grown enormously out of proportion with equal rise in merit expectations and with the conceptual development in business thoughts, employers have identified the need for acquiring high-end brains among the university graduates. Under the prevailing conditions in which prospered university education is sightly the par kernel demand for acquiring a position in better companies, a comparative study of the values of the two educational streams university graduation and high school graduation is necessary for better understanding the prospe cts of the students from either stream. Strength of University Graduation The prime edge of the university education is it adds value to the knowledge of individuals from the socio-ethical perspective beyond the limited time-bound courses most of the students learn for fixing their position in the job market. While studying in a university campus, the students get elaborate exposure to different cultural and ethnic groups. This exposure takes them to the heights where they shine in the glory of technical aspects of their educational trade with ethical concern and social responsibility. According to plastered observations university degrees provide students with the knowledge and skills that help make their lives meaningful and rewarding, and strengthen their contributions to society (Ensuring the values). A graduation from a reputed university doubtlessly guarantees all spheres of qualification for the student phantasmal strength, academic excellence, forbearance and sprit of com petition, which eventually turns them fit for adapting to changing conditions of professional ambience. The spiritual merit of an individual plays a vital role in the formation of his successful personal life with capabilities to accept challenges and workout plans for action in a perfect way. From the academic point of view, students obtain grass-root level standard of knowledge with complete practical experiences and the element of group learning by studying in a university. The prospects of patience containing competitive spirit help students frame sufficient amount of self discipline which is a requirement for achieving higher targets. Moreover, a graduation from the university enables them to prepare themselves for better careers or for choosing higher education in various streams of excellence. The cooking for graduate level expectations set by universities also helps students and educators estimate the desired standards of education students are expected to attain from thei r university graduation. This systematized training and evaluation pattern helps the hirers and policy makers in designing the courses according to the standards set for the academic as well as professional qualifications for separate careers. Benefits of university education individuals and society The importance of higher education from a university is reflected in the field of modern business world. It also provides better living standards and stability of income for the successful candidate as the investors of business

21st Century Technology in Today's Classroom Essay

21st Century Technology in Todays Classroom - Essay ExampleSome of these reasons be pragmatic e-learning helps tranquillize over-crowding of crowded classrooms, while providing a means for those who might not have access to higher education, much(prenominal) as the disabled or people who acknowledge far from a university, the opportunity to gain a proper education. Other reasons are socially based, in that e-learning fosters a collaborative atmosphere where social skills are used and enhanced. E-learning offers advantages for instructors who want to use the tool as a flair to reinforce concepts that are taught in the traditional lecture hall. While these are sure enough advantages to e-learning, there are in addition potential pitfalls.The technology that this research proposal will center upon will be E-Learning. E-learning is, in a nutshell, a way for students to gain knowledge and competence by interacting with adults and peers in an on-line community (Kim & Bonk, 2002, p. 3). E-learning uses the process of collaborative learning, which has the potential to foster interaction and social support wanting in traditional learning environments (Kim & Bonk, 2002, p. 3). On-line learning also aids in reflective interaction, which is not encouraged in traditional classroom settings and also helps foster social interaction, which, in turn, helps build students critical thinking and perspective taking abilities (Kim & Bonk, 2002, p. 3). E-learning is important, as it distributes learning material and processes over the Internet, which can help ease the decongestion of overcrowded lecture halls, provide a way for students and teachers who live far from a university an avenue for teaching and learning, as well as enable specific groups of students, such as the disabled, a chance to gain an education (Ardito et al., 2006, p. 270).The principles of e-learning, and how students adapt to e-learning have a basis in educational theory in general. The learner-centered psychological principles assure that there

Compare and contrast the policy implications of the theories of Essay

Compare and contrast the policy implications of the theories of justice in the whole kit and boodle of John Rawls and Friedrich von Hayek. Illu - Essay Example201). It is apparent that Rawls is not adequately certain in sorting out those distri aloneive institutions that are in agreement with, or needed by, his principle. In reality, the theory is intentionally vague as Rawls, exercising his method of avoidance, tries to avoid the question of the correctness of important social theories and quite an to set out a conception of justice on the basis of which the question of private property vs. socialism in the means of production could be reasonably discussed (Wood & Woods 1991, 202). This essay impart review the similarity and difference between the implications of Rawlss and Hayeks theory of justice on economic policy. Specifically, it will discuss the implication of Rawlss theory of social justice on welfare economics, and the implication of Hayeks spontaneous economic order on economic policy. Basically, the difference between Rawls and Hayek is that the former focuses on microeconomics whereas the other on macroeconomics however, both of them included in their discussion property-owning democracy and market socialism in a minimal fashion, while disregarding capitalism. The Implication of Rawlss and Hayeks Theory of Justice on Economic Policy The ideas of Rawls represent one native broad discussion of the issue to which others have felt forced to address. A comprehensive analysis of Rawls is relevant, not because he is accurate whilst others are inaccurate, but because he methodically deals with these major concerns and his outcomes may be of particular relevance. In a recent literature review interconnecting ethics and economics, Hausman and McPherson (1973) firmly argue for the wideness of ethics to economic policy. They refer to Rawlss theory of justice as well. They cite a number of ethics dodgingatisations, including Rawls, and claim In our view, the parts of ethical theories we shall survey here may be of more interests to economists than are the whole systems (Edgren 1995, 332). In applying the work of Rawls to discuss welfare economic policy economists have prepared to be careful. Others who mention Rawls frequently give an apparently rather more inclusive discussion. They will include the veil of ignorance, or the initial standpoint, for instance, but the focus is still quite on the difference theory and they still overlook much of the essence (Edgren 1995). Several applications of Rawlss difference theory to economic policy are in opposition to the essence of Rawlss notion. Primarily, it is entrenched in a thought system that is in some substantial essence utilitarian, whilst the system of Rawls is openly designed as a substitute for utilitarianism (Edgren 1995). Utilities, in welfare economics, are representation and not directly analogous, whilst in Rawls they are evidently the reverse (Bojer 2003). I think that s ome might claim that Rawls is in error here, that he has created stronger premises than he requires, and that the remedial is incidentally. However, Rawls is struggling to expand the concept of primary coil goods and their importance to direct comparison. Moreover, the difference theory is related by Rawls to the anticipations of representative individuals in a theoretical scenario of imperfect unawareness, and is aimed to explain how social

Eight Years Wasted, the Economic Failures of the Bush Administration Essay Example for Free

octette age Wasted, the Economic Failures of the provide Administration EssayEight years wasted. That is the description that befits the George W. scrubbing administration of the join States amid 2001 and 2008. Nevertheless, this is not a cuticle of unfair criticism of the Bush administration, as noted by Republican Senator John McCain who served in Bushs era (Curl). According to McCain as he campaigned for the presidency in 2008, Bush spent a smokestack of the United States resources on the war in Iraq, which consequently led to a massive economic downturn (Curl).The approximately obvious impacts of Bushs actions argon reflected in the changes in rate of unemployment, inflation, money planning in the United States, and shifts in unlike exchange rates as well as refer rates (National governing for Women). Unemployment The rate of unemployment has especially been worrying since the hitch between 2000 and 2001 when Bush took the leadership of the United States (OECD ). According to Shi and Stevens, the rate of unemployment has been fluctuating rapidly since 2000 when it was nearly 4. 0 per centum (59). Within over a year of Bushs leadership, the unemployment rate shot up to 5.8 per cent in 2002 (59). Women and their families were particularly affected by the high rate of unemployment, as they would rarely make ends meet at the start of the Bush administration. In fact, according to the National Organization for Women, the year 2001 marked the period of massive job loss among women in over 40 years (National Organization for Women). Along this line, the Institute for Womens Policy enquiry reported that in the period between 2001 and 2004, women workers lost over 300,000 jobs (National Organization for Women).In the same breadth, unemployment rates among single mothers rose of an already bad site of 9. 5 per cent to a worse level of 10. 2 per cent (National Organization for Women). Statistics from GPO Access show a grim picture of the increasi ng levels of unemployment since the year 2000 when the United States presidential election that ushered in President George Bush was held. In the figures provided, overall civilian unemployment rate fluctuated from 4. 0 per cent in 2000 to 6. 7 percent in November 2008, which marked the end of the Bush administration (Table 1).Along the same line, the same trend in unemployment rate was noticed among different age groups, fa another(prenominal) aspect of the Bush administrations failure is an uncontrolled increase in inflation. At the beginning of the Bush administration in 2001, there was a notable decline in the prices of all items and services as compared to the preceding year. Perhaps this was because of the effort by Bush to fulfill campaign promises. The truth of the event is that after 2001, the prices of all items went up, declining only slightly in 2003.Since then, there was a notable fluctuation in the prices but overall, the prices remained at an all time high. In fact, the 4. 1 per cent change in price of items (Table 2) was the highest margin to carry been recorded since the 6. 1 per cent rate recorded in 1990 at the top of the inning of the Gulf War (Irwin and Dan. ). The high prices of commodities and services noticed during the Bush Administration not only affected the monetary positions of many families but also influenced the great deals access to essential services such as healthcare (Atkinson and Hutto).According to Hanke, the 2003 United States census showed that any family of three lived on a recall of $51 a day. This figure was arrived at using an assumption that childcare and healthcare services were fully financed by the government (United States Department of Labor). Nevertheless, this was not the case for most families, as they had to rely on their own means to support themselves. In the context of high cost of commodities and services and with particular reference to childcare and healthcare services, many families had to spe nd as much as over 20 per cent of their incomes in pursuit of these services (Robinson).According the New York Times, the Bush administration cut funding programs for many essential programs such as childcare, which were particularly appropriate for single parent households (The High Cost of Health Care). This assume was done as the administration aimed at improving and expanding other unpopular programs such as promotion of marriage (United States Bureau of Statistics). However, the downside of this point is that as boil down was shifted to newer programs, the already existing programs suffered an even heavier blow in terms of the exorbitant costs that had to be incurred (The High Cost of Health Care).According to Shi and Gregory, the highest number of unmarried without healthcare services was recorded in 2003 (60). This is because most attention was diverted to acquisition of other essential commodities and services such as food and lodging (The High Cost of Health Care). Yet p resident Bush still insisted on funding the war to oust President Saddam Hussein from part in Iraq. This action can be considered as a case of misplaced priority because whereas President Bush was busy pursuing the United States foreign policy, local affairs (which perhaps needed more attention) were thrown into disarray. bills Supply During the Bush Administration, the supply of money increased, but with some fluctuations. For instance, the total shelter of the United States currency, travelers checks, demand deposits and other checkable deposits rose from $1087. 4 billion to a high of $1473. 1 billion in October 2008 (GPO Access). The high supply of money does not imply that the United States economy improved in the period of eight years. Rather, it is an indication the value of the United States dollar could have depreciated (Crutsinger and Aversa).Thus, the super sums of money released to fund the war in Iraq in 2003 did not add any impetus to the United States economy (Cruts inger and Aversa). Instead, the economy became vulnerable with reference to a weak dollar against other world currencies. In spite of the increase in the sum of currency, there was an increase in debt of domestic nonfinancial sectors from $18,183. 6 billion in 2000 to $32,436. 5 billion in 2006 . This means that nonfinancial institutions increasingly had to borrow during the era of George W.Bush. It therefore no wonder that the United States was gamey by a great financial crisis only comparable to the Great Depression towards the end of Bushs reign, the overriding factor being that the United States government had spent so much money on defense and war in Iraq and Afghanistan at the expense of internal development. Foreign Exchange As mentioned above, there was a significantly high supply of money in the United States, which characteristically led to depreciation of the United States dollar.In addition, the period was characterized by a high rate of inflation, implying that conside rably larger sums of money would be used in buying commodities that would have been bought inexpensively in the earlier period (Atkinson and Hutto). On the international scale, the high cost of United States commodities meant that importers had to pay lots of money to acquire the goods, which ultimately lowered the level of international trade between the United States and other countries (Table 3).Consequently, the United States dollar fluctuated against other world currencies such as the Japanese yen, the superior Pound, Chinese yuan and the Australian dollar (Atkinson and Hutto). For instance, the Sterling Pound exchanged at between $1. 9548 and $2. 0442 in 2007 (Table 3), which was a very large variation. The strong dollar against the yen between 2001 and 2002, which was the beginning of the Bush administration, disheartened importation by Japan from the United States (Atkinson and Hutto).At the same time, citizens of the United States opted to import valuable items such as au tomobiles at the expense of the locally fabricate ones, thus putting the United States automobile industry in the quagmire in which it is today (OECD). The consequence of this is that major competitors such as the Japanese automakers have adversely affected local automakers such as Ford, and the whole industry has been earmarked for revival in the Economic Stimulus Package (OECD). Interest rates establishment bond yields and interest rates generally declined between 2000 and 2008.For instance, the value of bills at auction declined steadily from $ 5. 85 to $1. 01 in 2003, but steadily rose from $1. 38 to $4. 73 in 2006 (GPO Access). The low price of bonds meant that believes were in a position to purchase more government bonds, thus diverting their attention from other financial service users such as borrowers (Crutsinger and Aversa). Ultimately, banks were forced to impose high interest rates on the loans they offered to the public, implying that most small business holders and individuals were crippled by a massive credit crunch (Crutsinger and Aversa).The ensuing credit crunch adversely affected the United States economy particularly towards the ends of the end of the Bush administration (Crutsinger and Aversa). Banks were most affected by the financial woes and this necessitated the Bush administration to consider taking ownership of discordant banks in a bid to protect them from collapsing (Crutsinger and Aversa). This move was hitherto also ill planned, as it would result in unnecessary government expenditure, resulting into higher inflation in the United States (Hanke).In addition, there was no dominance that with the governments acquisition of the banks, their performance would improve (Hanke). Conclusion Even though the world witnessed a massive economic recession, the woes in the United States stem from the fact that the Bush administration spent excessively on the war in Iraq and Afghanistan, which generally weakened the performance of most l ocal institutions. The underperformance in various sectors was shown in high rates of unemployment, high inflation, fluctuating levels of money supply and foreign exchange rates as well as high bank interest rates.The combined effect of the various phenomena led to a crisis in the entire United States economy, thus making the Bush administration one of the smite leaderships of the United States. References Atkinson Robert D and Julie Hutto 18October 2004. Bush vs. Clinton An Economic Performance Index. 10 manifest 2009. http//www. ppionline. org/ppi_ci. cfm? knlgAreaID=107subsecID=295contentID=252964 Crutsinger, Martin and Aversa, Jeannine 8 October 2008. Bush administration mulls bank stakes. 10 March 2009. http//www.freep. com/article/20081008/BUSINESS07/81008120/1015/BUSINESS02/Bush+administration+mulls+bank+stakes Curl, Joseph. 23 Oct. 2008 McCain lambastes Bush years. 10 March 2009. http//www. washingtontimes. com/news/2008/oct/23/mccain-lambastes-bush-years/ GPO Access . Civ ilian unemployment rate. 10 March 2009. http//www. gpoaccess. gov/eop/2009/B42. xls GPO Access . Money stock and debt measures, 19652008. 10 March 2009 http//www. gpoaccess. gov/eop/2009/B69. xls GPO Access. Bond yields and interest rates, 19292008.10 March 2009. http//www. gpoaccess. gov/eop/2009/B73. xls GPO Access. Changes in consumer price indexes for commodities and services, 19292007. 10 March 2009. http//www. gpoaccess. gov/eop/2009/B64. xls GPO Access. Foreign exchange rates, 19852008. 10 March 2009. http//www. gpoaccess. gov/eop/2009/B110. xls. Hanke, Steve H. September 24, 2008 The Bush Legacy Deflation or Inflation? 10 March 2009. http//www. cato. org/pub_display. php? pub_id=9663 Irwin, Neil and Eggen, Dan. 12 Jan. 2009.The Washington Post. Economy Made Few Gains in Bush Years Eight-Year Period Is Weakest in Decades. http//www. washingtonpost. com/wp-dyn/content/story/2009/01/12/ST2009011200359. html National Organization for Women. 27 August 2004. Bushs Economic Failure Weakens Middle Class, Deepens Poverty and Harms Women and Families. 10 March 2009. http//www. now. org/press/08-04/08-27. html OECD. Macroeconomic indicators. 10 March 2009. http//stats. oecd. org/mei/default. asp? lang=esubject=15country=USARobinson, Woodward, Gellman. Timeline Bushs Eight Years in Office. 10 March 2009. http//www. washingtonpost. com/wp-srv/ politics/bush/legacy/timeline Shi, Leiyu and Stevens Gregory D. Vulnerable Populations in the United States. New York John Wiley and Sons, 2004 The High Cost of Health Care. 25 November 2007. The New York Times. 10 March 2009. http//www. nytimes. com/2007/11/25/opinion/25sun1. html? _r=1 United states Department of Labor Bureau of Labor Statistics. 10 March 2009 http//www. bls. gov/

IPSec Architecture Essay Example for Free

IPSec Architecture EssayIPSec is a collection of protocols tied together to apply its potential as qualify in the IPSec Architecture. It is necessary to comprehend the relationships and interaction of these protocols. Along with the design of the IPSec Architecture, various security documents like ESP ( Encapsulating Security Protocol) , AH (Authentication Header) and Antireply protection defines the protocol, the payload header format, and the service they provide.IPSec works by enabling a system to select its own security protocol, algorithms and cryptographic keys as required by the services. Versatile, it can protect doubled paths between hosts, security gateways or between host and security gateway. Security services provided by IPSec at the IP Layer are access control, connectionless integrity, info origin, and authentication, rejection of replayed packets, encryption, and limited traffic flow confidentiality.While services are provided in the IP layer, protocols like T CP, UDP, ICMP, BGP, and other IP based protocols can take vantage of IPSec. The better understand the relationship of between Protocols and Algorithms in the IPsec Architecture The standard algorithm is placed to initiate interoperability in the Internet and combine with IPSec Traffic testimonial and Key Management protocols allow systems and application developers to install superior, internet layer, cryptographic security technology.References Doraswamy N, Harkins D. , (n. d. ), IPSec Architecture, Chapter 4 of IPSec- The New Security Standard for the Internet, Intranets and Virtual head-to-head Networks (Prentice Hall), online, http//www. microsoft. com/technet/itsolutions/network/security/ipsecarc. mspx Javvin Network Management and Security, (n. d. ), IPSec Security Architecture for IP Network, online, http//www. javvin. com/protocolIPsec. html.

Altruism Is Ultimately Selfish Essay Example for Free

Altruism Is Ultimately Selfish EssayDiscuss the proposal that pure unselfish selflessness does not exist. Bartel (1976) defines prosocial behaviour as behaviour that intentionally services or benefits another person. Batson (1987) defines self-sacrifice as overhauling another person for no reward, and in time at some cost to oneself. This definition of altruism seemingly depicts the behaviour as selfless, however there is a wealth of research which suggests that this is not the case. Dawkins (1976) in any case provides evidence that altruism is ultimately selfish. He separated individuals into three categories in regards to prosocial behaviour displayed. These were grudgers, cheats and suckers. Grudgers were deemed to be the most evolutionary stable category, as they could control and vindicate cheats (who seek out and accept the help of others without returning the help) and could coexist with suckers (who indiscriminately provide others with help). This therefore provi des support for the sociobiological view of prosocial behaviour, that it is ultimately selfish as its aim is to promote gene survival.However, this theory scum bag only crap if we know ones altruistic or egoistic behaviour, and so some studies have shown that we will only help others if we believe they would also help us. Clutton-Brock and Palmer (1995) found altruism to be conditional, which suggests that it therefore cannot be selfless. However, this can only work if we know ones altruistic or egoistic behaviour, and so cannot benefit evolution if we do not (Mifune et al. 2010) This view is supported by the mixer Norm approach. The Social Norm approach argues that altruism is based on reciprocity and equity. Equity theory states that we consider interactions to be fair if the outcomes be equally proportionate to the inputs (Wagstaff, 2001). A limitation of this theory is that Buunk et al (2012) found it difficult to apply to intimate relationships. A further limitation is t hat positive inputs could yield prejudicial results, which is not fair or just (Wagstaff, 2001).An amendment to this theory by Wagstaff and Perfect (1993, 2001) ensured that good inputs can only be returned with rewards, and negative inputs can only be returned with punishments. There is evidence to suggest that people do operate by this position (Wagstaff, 2001) which implies that decisions of whether to display prosocial behaviour argon weighted in fairness, meaning that altruistic acts may only be displayed if the individual perceives it to be fair to others. Cialdini and Kendrick (1976) devised the Negative state relief model to offer a assertable explanation of altruism. This suggests that we help others to relieve negative feelings. This has been supported by Piliavin (1981) who argued in his Arousal Cost reward model that negative feelings, such as guilt, instigate negative stimulus and therefore people may provide others with help to alleviate this negative emotion. Both of these models suggest that we are helping others to help ourselves, which supports the claim that full-strength, selfless altruism does not exist.However, other research has found that helping behaviour increases in correlation with positive mood states (Isen, 1999). Even so, Carlson (1988) argues that this could be due to an individuals drive to reach out their good mood state by helping others. One limitation of this view is that it assumes that helping is a rewarding behaviour. Another norm in pry to prosocial behaviour is social responsibility, which can be defined as helping those in need. Altruistic or prosocial acts tend to be more than frequent towards multitude (such as friends and family) than outgroup members (Cohen, 1978 Mifune et al, 2010.) Burnstein (2005) found that identical twins are more in all probability to help (94%) than fraternal twins (46%) which supports this hypothesis. There is also evidence to suggest that kidney donors are three times more likel y to donate to relatives than nonrelatives (Borgida et al, 1992 Axelrod et al 2010).These findings suggest that altruistic acts are not purely selfless seeing our friends and families in annoying increases our own personal negative affect, and so we are more motivated to help them than we would be strangers. However evidence suggests that social responsibility can be diffused. This reduces helping behaviour inside groups. Latane and Darley (1970) coined the terms pluralistic ignorance (not helping because it appears that no one else is concerned) and diffusion of responsibility (the tendency to believe that someone else must be dealing with the situation). This lack of helping behaviour in group situations shows that prosocial behaviour cannot be explained by social responsibility alone and so do individuals who help despite the above nitty-grittys show more selflessly altruistic tendencies? Further evidence against selfless altruism comes from the evidence that individual attribu tes appear to effect prosocial and altruistic behaviour being displayed.Ruggiero et al (1981) found that taller, heavier and physically stronger people are more likely to put themselves in harms charge to help others in an emergency. This would suggest that an individual has first considered the cost to themselves of helping, meaning their act would not be selflessly altruistic. One contrast to this theory is that this dead body type closely resembles Sheldons (1942) mesomorph body type who was claimed to be more likely to have tendencies towards violent crime. Pantin and carver (1982) found that participants were more likely to help a choking confederate after three weeks first aid training than without it. Also, Eisenberg-Berg (1979) found that prosocial behaviour increases if a person believes their fate to be inwardly their own control, and if the person has mature moral judgement.This again implies that an individual tends to consider their own competency and implications of helping others prior to doing so, again raising doubts over the populace of selfless altruism. However Batson et al (1987 2003) claim that true, selfless altruism does exist and that it is motivated by empathy. Batson claims that if helping is motivated by relieving personal distress, an individual could only if flee the scene., yet true empathic concern for another cannot be alleviated by escaping. In his study, Batson assigned participants to high and low empathy conditions, and easy or difficult to miss conditions to leave after two trials or ten trials respectively. He also gave participants the option of changing places with the victim after two trials. When escape was easy, individuals with low empathic concern escaped the situation.However those with high empathic concern stayed and changed places with the victim. Batson claimed this to be true altruism. Traits such as aggression and dominance are associated with reduced empathy , and individuals with these traits have bee n shown to show less prosocial behaviour than those without them (Eisenberg et al, 2010). However empathy can be perceived as creating a negative affect such as guilt if help was not offered, and this negative state would be beneficial for an individual to relieve therefore helping another individual with whom you have empathy for can relieve negative emotion in oneself, and can even instigate positive affect and/ or mood. This supports Pilliavins (1981) Arousal Cost reward model and Cialdini and Kendricks (1976) Negative state relief model and therefore provides evidence that selfless altruism does not exist. In contrast, Batson (1989) found that people were not more likely to help others when informed that doing so would give them access to a mood enhancing procedure.The finding that reciprocal altruism can be learned (Rachlin, 2003) raises an kindle question of whether it can be unlearned. Warnekin and Tomasello (2008) found 36 20 month old toddlers who consistently helped by pi cking up an object. Some were rewarded after wake this behaviour. They found that the children who were rewarded decreased this behaviour unless they were rewarded for it again whereas the toddlers who were given no reward were more likely to continue helping. In support of this, Knafo, Schwartz and Levine (2009) found that in countries were individuals are raised to be helpful, there was a reduced tendency to help out group members. As helping in group members is more likely to relieve negative affect than helping outgroup members, this could be viewed as a reduced tendency to display altruistic behaviour.These studies raise the question as to whether it is possible that true altruism does exist, and whether theories such as social learning theory may play a role on its nurturance or demise within a culture or group. Sabini (1995) stated that if true altruism exists, it excludes any rational reasons for helping others, be it extrinsic or intrinsic rewards. In detail according to the sociobiological principle, it would be evolutionarily weak to be selflessly altruistic, as we may become like Dawkins suckers helping cheats to prosper. This provides further evidence that selfless altruism does not exist as we would not be able to grow and prosper as a society. In conclusion, the majority of evidence suggests that true altruism does not exist.

Literature Review on Volatility

Literature Review on capriciousnessLiterature ReviewWhat is Volatility?Volatility is defined as the spread of all likely outcomes of an uncertain variable (Poon, 2005). Statistically, it is often billhookd as the sample metre deviation (as seen below), still ass as well be measured by variance.Where rt = return on day t, and = average return over the T-day period.The common misconception is to equate capriciousness to risk. However, whilst capriciousness is related to risk, it is non the same. Risk represents an undesirable outcome, whilst excitableness is a measure for doubt that could a turn out from a positive outcome. Further more than, volatility as a measure for the spread of a distribution contains no information on the shape, this represents an new(prenominal) reason for volatility organism an imperfect measure for risk. The sole exception to this being a ruler distribution or lognormal distribution where mean and standard deviation ar appropriate statistics fo r the whole distribution (Poon, 2005).In dealing with volatility as a subject matter in financial markets, the focus is on the spread of asset returns. High volatility is publicly undesirable as it indicates security values are unreliable and capital markets arent functioning efficiently (Poon, 2005 Figlewski, 1997). m iodintary market volatility has been the subject of much research and the number of studies continues to rise since Poon and Granger (2003)s original survey first identified 93 papers in the field. A whole host of drivers for volatility shit been explored (including political events, macroeconomic factors and investors behavior) in an attempt to better capture volatility and decrease risk (Poon, 2005).This study will add to that list, hoping to contribute almostthing novel to the field by scrutinizing the nicety of variant volatility models for different country indexes.The Importance of Volatility ForecastingInvestment strategies, Portfolio Optimization and Ass et ValuationVolatility when taken as uncertainty transforms into an important component in a wide range of financial applications including Investment strategies for profession or hedging, Portfolio optimization and Asset price valuation. The Markowitz mean-variance portfolio theory (Markowitz, 1952), crown Asset Pricing Model (Sharpe, 1964) and Sharpe ratio (Sharpe 1966) signify three cornerstones for optimal decision-making and measurement of performance, advocating a focus on the risk-return interrelationship with volatility taken as a risk proxy. With Investors and portfolio managers having limits as to the risk they can bear, accurate forecasts of the volatility of asset prices for long-term horizons is necessary to reliably assess investment risk. Such forecasts abide investors to be better informed and hold melodic lines for longer rather than constantly reallocating their portfolio in reaction to movements in prices an often expensive exercise in general (Poon and Grange r, 2003). In terms of stock price valuation French, et al. (1987) analyse NYSE common stocks for the period of 1928-1984 and find expected market risk premium to be positively related to the predictable volatility of stock returns, which is further streng becauseed by the indirect relationship between stock market returns and the unexpected transmit in the volatility of stock returns.Derivatives pricingVolatility is a key element in Modern option pricing theory that enables friendship of the charming value of options and other derivative instruments. According to Poon and Granger (2003) the trading volume of derivative securities had quadrupled in the recent years leading up to their research and since then this growth has accelerated with the global derivatives market now estimated to be around $544 Trillion excluding credit default swaps and commodity contracts (BIS, 2017). As one of five comment variables (including Stock Price, Strike price, time to maturity and risk-free in terest rate), expected volatility over the options life in the Black-Scholes model theorized by Black and Scholes (1973) is crucially also the only variable that is not directly observable and must be forecast (Figlewski, 1997). Implied volatility and realized volatility can be computed by referencing observed market prices for options and historical data. Whilst the former is attractive for requiring little input data and delivering excellent results when analysed in some empirical studies compared to time serial models utilizing well(p) historical information, it is deficient by not having a firm statistical basis and different strike prices yielding different implied volatilities creating confusion over which implied volatility to use (Tse, 1991 Poon, 2005). Lengthening maturities of derivative instruments also weakens the assumption that volatility realized in the recent past can be used as a fairly reliable proxy for volatility in the near future. (Figlewski, 1997). With rece nt developments, derivatives written on volatility can now also be purchased whereby volatility represents the underlying asset, thus further necessitating volatility forecasting practices (Poon and Granger, 2003). monetary Risk ManagementVolatility forecasting plays a significant role in Financial Risk Management of the finance and banking industries. The practice aids in estimation of value-at-risk (VaR), a measure introduced by the Basel Committee in 1996 through an amendment to the Basel Accords (an international standard for minimum capital requirement among international banks to safeguard against various risks). Whilst many risks are examined within, volatility forecasting is most relevant for foodstuff risk and VaR. However, astute VaR is necessary only if banks choose to adopt its own internal proprietary model for calculating market risk related capital requirement. By choosing to do so, there is greater flexibility for banks in specifying model parameters but with an at tached condition of regular backtesting of the internal model. Apart from banks, other financial institutions whitethorn also use VaR voluntarily for internal risk management purposes. (Poon and Granger 2003 Poon 2005) Christoffersen and Diebold (2000) do only con fly the coop the limits of relevance of Volatility Forecasting for Financial Risk Management, arguing that for reliable forecastablity much depends on whether the horizon of interest is of a short term or long-term nature (taken to be more than 10 or 20 days) with the practice deemed more relevant for the former than the latter due to the limitations in forecastability.PolicymakingFinancial market volatility can concord wide-reaching consequences on economies. As an example, large recessions create ambiguity and hinder public confidence. To counter such disallow impacts and disruptions, policy makers utilize market estimates of volatility as a means for identifying the vulnerability of financial markets, equipping them with more reliable and complete information with which to respond with appropriate policies. (Poon and Granger, 2003) The Federal Reserve of the United States is one such entity that incorporates volatility of various financial instruments into its monetary policy decision-making (Nasar, 1991). Bernanke and Gertler (2000) explore the degree to which implications of asset price volatility impact monetary policy decision-making. A side-by-side comparison of U.S. and Japanese monetary policy is the basis of the study. The researchers find that inflation-targeting is desirable, however, monetary policy decisions based on changes in asset prices should only be make to the extent that such changes help to forecast inflationary or deflationary pressures. Meanwhile, Bomfim (2003) investigates the relationship between monetary policy and stock market volatility from the other perspective. Interest rate policy decisions that carry an element of surprise appear to enlarge short run, stock mar ket volatility significantly with positive surprises also having a greater effect than negative surprises.Empirical stylized facts of asset returns and volatilityAny attempt to model volatility appropriately must be done with an understanding of the common, recurring set of properties identified from numerous empirical studies carried out across financial instruments, markets and time periods. Contrary to the event-based theory in which it is hypothesized different assets respond differently to different economic and political events, empirical studies show that different assets do in fact share some generalizable, qualitative statistical properties. Volatility models should thus seek to capture these features of asset returns and volatility so as to enhance the forecasting process herein lays the challenge. (Cont, 2001 Bollerslev et al 1994) Presented are some of these stylized facts, along with their corresponding empirical studies that have contributed to the evolving literature aimed at improving volatility-forecasting practices and which this study will also look to capture.Return DistributionsStock Market returns are not normally distributed and it is therefore an unsuitable distribution for modeling returns according to Mandelbrot (1963) and Fama (1965). Returns are approximately centrosymmetrical but can display negative skewness and significantly have leptokurtic features (excess kurtosis with heavier tails and taller, narrower peaks than found in a normal distribution) that see large moves occur with greater frequency than under normal distributions (Sinclair, 2013). Cont (2001) asserts that these large moves in the form of gains and losses are asymmetric by nature with the scale of downward movements in stock index values dwarfing upward movements. He further presents that the introduction of GARCH-type models to counter the effects of volatility clustering can reduce the heaviness of tails in the residual time series to some small extent. Howeve r, as GARCH models can at times struggle to fully incorporate heavy-tail features of returns, this has necessitated the use of alternative distributions such as the students t-distribution employed in Bollerslev (1987). Alberg et al (2008) employ a skewed version of this distribution to various models with the EGARCH model delivering the best performance in forecasting the volatility of Tel Aviv stock indices. Cont (2001) does however also highlight an important consideration with the notion of aggregational gaussianity that as one increases time scale (t) for calculation of returns, the distribution of returns seems more normally distributed in appearance.leverage effect/Asymmetric volatilityIn most markets, volatility and returns are negatively correlated (Cont, 2001). First elucidated by Black (1976) and particularly prevalent for stock indices, Volatility will tend to increase when stock price declines. The justification for this is because a decline in equity stock price will i ncrease a companys debt-to-equity ratio and consequently its risk and volatility (Figlewski and Wang, 2000 Engle and Patton, 2001). Importantly, this relationship is asymmetric, with negative returns having a more marked effect on volatility than positive returns as documented by Christie (1982) and Schwert, (1989). However they also argue that the leverage effect is not enough on its own to explain all of the change in volatility with Christie (1982) incorporating interest rate as another element that has a partial effect. Hence, whilst, ARCH (Engle, 1982) and GARCH (Bollerslev, 1986) models do well to account for volatility clustering and leptokurtosis, their symmetric distribution fails to account for the leverage effect. In response to this, various asymmetric modifications of GARCH have been developed, the most significant of these being Exponential GARCH (EGARCH Nelson, 1991) and GJR (Glosten et al, 1993). Other models like GARCH-in-Mean have also endeavored to capture the lev erage effect along with the risk premium effect, another concept that has been theorized to contribute to volatility asymmetry by studies such as Schwert (1989) (Engle and Patton, 2001).Volatility DistributionThe distribution of volatility is taken to be approximately log-normal. Various studies such as Andersen et al (2001) have postulated this. More significantly than the veritable distribution is the high positive skewness indicating volatility spends longer in lower states than higher states. (Sinclair, 2013)Volatility-Volume correlationAll measures of volatility and trading volume are highly positively correlated (Cont, 2001). Lee and Rui (2002) show this relationship to be foundationally robust, however what is more complex is determining the causality between the two. Strong arguments can be made either way. As an example, Brooks (1998) utilizes linear and non-linear Granger causality tests and finds the relationship to be beefed-uper from volatility to volume than the conv erse. He concludes by spotlight that for forecasting accuracy, predicting volume using volatility is more productive than forecasting stock index volume and using such forecasts in trading. According to imperial et al (1992) this relationship is also closely linked with the leverage effect and incorporating lagged volume weakens the effect considerably.Non-Constant VolatilityVolatility is not constant. The changing nature of volatility occurs in a particular manner Merton (1980) was critical of researchers who failed to incorporate this feature in their models. Firstly volatility is mean reverting. Indeed LeBaron (1992) found a strong negative relationship between volatility and autocorrelation for stock indices in the United States. Secondly, Volatility clusters. This is a phenomenon first noted by Mandelbrot (1963) that allows a good estimation of future volatility based on current volatility. Other studies such as Chou (1988) have also empirically shown the existence of cluster ing. Mandelbrot (1963) wrote, large changes tend to be followed by large changes of either sign, and small changes tend to be followed by small changes. In other words, a turbulent day of trading usually comes after another turbulent trading day, whilst a calm period will usually be followed by another calm period. Importantly, the phenomenon is not exclusive to the underlying product and can be seen in stock indices, commodities and currencies. It also tends to be more pronounced in developed than emerging markets. (Taylor, 2008 Sinclair, 2013) Engle and Patton (2001) argue that volatility clustering indicates volatility goes through phases whereby periods of high volatility eventually give way to more normal volatility with the contrary also holding. Engles (1982) watershed paper incorporated these features of volatility persistence using his ARCH model, whereby time varying, non-constant volatility that persists in high or low states is taken account of.